Archived publications
View the archived publications from researchers in the Wellington Faculty of Health.
Latest publications 2016
Is the Health Quality and Safety Commission Making a Difference in New Zealand Health Care? An Evaluation Report for the Health Quality and Safety Commission
Health Services Research Centre
Building relationships with whānau to develop effective supports for Māori children
In Donna Starks and Kerry Taylor-Leech (Eds) Connecting communities. Routledge
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(9), 2173-2184
The university environment: opportunities, constraints and challenges
ex aequo Special issue on ‘Gender, professions and careers: Opportunities, Constraints and Challenges’ p17-31
At Risk Individuals Model of Care: An Evaluation—A Report for Counties Manukau District Health Board
Victoria University of Wellington
Pacific Health Collective Profile by District Health Board for Central Pacific Collective
Central Pacific Collective
International Journal of Health Policy and Management5(8): 497-99
New Zealand Health Survey 2012/13: Characteristics of Medicinal Cannabis Users
New Zealand Medical Journal. 22 April: 149 (1433)
Commissioning in New Zealand
Australian Journal of Primary Health 22(1): 34-39
2015
In place of fear: aligning health care planning with system objectives to achieve financial sustainability
Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 20(2):109-14
Health Economics and Health Policy: Experiences from New Zealand
Applied Health Economics and Health Policy. 13(3): 281-289
Evaluation of Pacific cancer care navigation patient facilitation and support service
EJA Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 15, 3:30-36
What Influences the Choice of GP? Evidence from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Australia and New Zealand
9th Health Services Research and Policy Conference, Melbourne 7-9 December
Facebook Study: A Little Bit Unethical But Worth It?
Bioethical Inquiry, 12: 179
Improvement from an academic perspective
APAC Forum, Auckland, 23-25 September
Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 38 (2): 178-187
Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury in Aotearoa New Zealand
Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury in Aotearoa New Zealand, Psychology Aotearoa, 7(2), 130-3
Healthcare Reform, Quality and Safety: Perspectives, Participants, Partnerships and Prospects in 30 Countries
Ashgate, Surrey, UK, ISBN: 78-1-4724-5140-8
Working with Māori children with special education needs: He Mahi Whakahirahira
New Zealand: NZCER
From Science to Services
Symposium presentation for the Centre for Biodiscovery. VUW, Wellington, 2 July
The three horsemen of health economics
Presentation at the 11th Western Economic Association International conference, Wellington, New Zealand, January 8-11, 2015, and 9th World Congress on Health Economics: Celebrating Health Economics, Sydney, Australia
A deaf child in the family and whānau. Ministry of Education Growing and Learning for families and whānau with deaf children hui
Presentation April 11th – 12th. Living Springs – Christchurch
Overview Report: Is the Health Quality and Safety Commission Making a Difference in New Zealand Health Care?
An Evaluation Report for the Health Quality and Safety Commission
Health professionals’ perceptions of quality survey
Health Services Research Centre
Localities Evaluation: a report for the Evaluation Advisory Group on the next stage
Health Services Research Centre
20,000 Days and Beyond: Evaluation of CMDHB’s quality improvement campaigns
Health Services Research Centre
Ngā Rāhui Hau Kura/Suicide Mortality Review (SuMR) Feasibility Trial
Rangatahi Māori Sub-Group Report on ‘Whānau Suicide Storytelling’ method of SuMR and demographic profile of the 194 rangatahi Māori aged between 15 and 24 years (inclusive) who died by suicide in Aotearoa New Zealand between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2011 (inclusive)
2014
The Evaluation of the Better, Sooner, More Convenient Business Cases in MidCentral and West Coast District Health Boards
Centre for Health Systems and Health Services Research Centre
Evaluation of the 20,000 Days Campaign A report for Counties Manukau District Health Board
Health Services Research Centre
Women and Drink-Driving
Health Services Research Centre
Australasian university management, gender and life course issues, equality, diversity and inclusion
An international journal, Vol. 33, Issue: 4, 384–395
Allopurinol use in a New Zealand population: prevalence and adherence
Rheumatology International. 34:963–970
Health Systems in Transition (WHO), 4(2), 1–272
HSRAANZ Health Policy Symposium, CHERE, Sydney. 4 December
“We didn’t plan to get pregnant, but didn’t do anything to prevent it either...”
Paper presented to the HRC Pacific Health Research Fono, Auckland
Embracing care: The experience of family carers managing technical health procedures at home
Oral presentation at the 20th Qualitative Health Research Conference, 19-23 October, Victoria, Canada
Working from the margins: An atypical approach to becoming senior women academics in Australasia
8th European Conference on Gender Equality in Higher Education, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna
Telling our own stories of recovery: The transformative power of Indigenous Storytelling
Paper presented at the International Indigenous Development Research Conference, Auckland
The Evaluation of the Better, Sooner, More Convenient Business Cases in MidCentral and West Coast District Health Boards
Centre for Health Systems and Health Services Research Centre
Evaluation of the 20,000 Days Campaign. A Report for CMDHB
Health Services Research Centre
2013
Evaluation of the Primary Health Care Strategy: Final Report
Health Services Research Centre
Evaluation of the Primary Health Care Strategy: Changes in Fees and Consultation Rates Between 2001 and 2007
Health Services Research Centre
Improving Māori Health and Reducing Inequalities between Māori and non-Māori: Has the Primary Health Care Strategy Worked for Māori?
Health Services Research Centre
Evaluation of the Implementation and Immediate Outcomes of the Primary Health Care Strategy: The Experiences of Pacific PHOs and Pacific Populations
Health Services Research Centre
Efficiency, effectiveness, equity (E3). Evaluating hospital performance in three dimensions
Health Policy, Volume 112, Issue 1, Pages 19-27
Samoan women’s attitudes towards antenatal and midwifery care
British Journal of Midwifery, 21:10, 710-721
Disability Care as Women’s Work
Women’s Studies Journal, 27: 13-24
Waiting Time Policies in the Health Sector: What Works?
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013:201-20
Generation and Gender
UK, Academia Palgrave Macmillan, 65-82
“Exploring the resilience and risk factors for Samoan women living in New Zealand during pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood.”
PGSA Seminar Series, Victoria University of Wellington
Integrated Care
Health Quality and Safety Commission Seminar 14 November
Assessing Hospital Performance in Three Dimensions
Occasional Seminar Series. Ko Awatea Innovation Hub, CMDHB. 1 August. Includes presentation material from J Desai, N Bowden and J Cumming
Enhancing Hospital Outcomes (ECHO)
Seminar Series Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School, Columbia University, 30th. January. Includes presentation material from J Desai, N Bowden and J Cumming
Pacific Health Service Nurse Led Clinic Capability Support Evaluation
Health Services Research Association Australia New Zealand (HSRAANZ) Conference, Wellington
Health Science Academies Evaluation. Poster for Health Services Research Association
Australia New Zealand (HSRAANZ) Conference, Wellington
Considering the contribution to the health system of family carers who manage “technical health procedures” at home
Oral presentation at 8th Health Services and Policy Research Conference, 2-4 December, Wellington
Embracing care: Family carers managing “technical health procedures” at home. Poster presentation,
Otago University Division of Health Sciences Research Forum, 17-18 September, Dunedin
Telling our own stories of recovery: The transformative power of Indigenous Storytelling
Paper presented at Health Services Research Association Australia and New Zealand Conference, Wellington
Telling the story of Māori Suicide
Paper presented at Suicide Prevention Day Conference, Auckland
Early intervention. Is it whānau friendly? Deaf View 3
Deaf View 3 - Conference. 8-10th March. Wellington
Nga Kōhungahunga Turi envisioning a whānau-centred approach to EI?
Australasian Newborn Hearing Screening Conference. May 17th –18th. Auckland, New Zealand
2012
Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 13(1), 45–53
Policy Quarterly. 8(3):49-55
Assessing the Return on Investment in Health IT: An Exploration of Costs and Benefits in Relation to the Remote Monitoring of Chronic Diseases
Health Care and Informatics Review, Online, 16(1), 2-7
Drug Alcohol Rev, 31(3):311–9
Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. Vol 25 Supplement S39-S44
Variation in New Zealand hospital outcomes: Combining hierarchical Bayesian modeling and propensity score methods for hospital performance comparisons
Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology: 12(1):1-28
Equity of access and variation in general surgeons’ clinical judgements of patient priority
International Journal of Person Centered Medicine, 2(4), 883-898
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 36(6), 543–9
Australian Health Review: May;36(2):163-8
An investigation of the intersection between resilience and risk factors for Samoan women living in New Zealand during pregnancy, childbirth and early motherhood
Presentation to the BRCCS University Seminar Series, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
Risk factors for Samoan women living in New Zealand during pregnancy , childbirth and early motherhood
Oral presentation at the Health Research Council Research Fono, Auckland
A qualitative study exploring the experiences of Samoan first time mothers: resilience against postnatal depression
Presented at the PASI Seminar, Victoria University of Wellington
Indigenous peoples’ health care: new discourses and technologies of policy and governance
International Society for Third-Sector Research Conference, Siena July 10-13
Partnerships in delivering health messages to Pacific peoples – success stories
Public Health Association of NZ Conference, Wellington
Partnerships in delivering health messages to Pacific peoples in New Zealand
Poster presentation at the International Society on Priorities in Health Care 2012, Vancouver, Canada
How can whānau grow rangatahi Māori with healthy sexual and reproductive lives and relationships?
Paper presented at New Zealand Sexual Health Society Conference, Palmerston North
Gender, management and life course issues in Australian & New Zealand Universities
5th Equality Diversity and Inclusion Conference, Toulouse, France
2011
Literature Review to Inform the Review of Residential Services. A report prepared for Disability Support Services, Ministry of Health
Health Services Research Centre
Exploring Samoan Women's Attitudes Towards Antenatal and Midwifery Care in New Zealand
Health Services Research Centre
Evaluation of the Child Health Check Initiative and the Expanding Health Service Delivery Initiative: Summary Report, A report for Department of Health and Ageing
Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra
Improving Maori health, reducing inequalities between Maori and non-Maori: Is the Primary Health Care Strategy working for Maori?
Victoria University of Wellington
2010
Assessing the Cost-Effectiveness of Public Health Interventions to Prevent Obesity: A Systematic Review of the Effectivess of 16 Obesity Prevention Interventions. Sydney
Health Research Council of New Zealand Partnership Programme
Cost Effectiveness Report of Public Health Interventions to Prevent Obesity. Report Prepared for the Health Research Council of New Zealand. Sydney
Health Technology Analysts Pty Ltd
Practice nurse cost benefit analysis
LECG
Healthy Eating – Healthy Action: Oranga Kai – Oranga Pumau strategy evaluation final report: Stocktake of HEHA initiatives II
Ministry of Health
Healthy Eating - Healthy Action: Oranga Kai - Oranga Pumau
Strategy Evaluation Interim Report
Healthy Eating - Healthy Action: Oranga Kai - Oranga Pumau
Strategy Evaluation Interim Report
Primary Health Care Strategy Evaluation
Ministry of Health
School and early childhood education services food and nutrition environment survey: Phase III report
Health Services Research Centre
Australia and New Zealand Journal of Public Health; 34(5): 451-457
British Medical Journal (Commissioned); 340: 5 June 1010; 1224-1227
The Role of Traditional Healers and Social Midwives in Pregnancy: a Samoan Nursing Perspective
Birthspirit Midwifery Journal, (6): 37-40
Access and Utilisation of Midwifery Services by Pacific women: A Scoping Exercise to Inform the Development of a Bigger Project
Birthspirit Midwifery Journal, (5): 29-33
Journal of Biomedical Informatics: 43(6): 982-987
Australian Journal of Social Issues, 45(4), 459–475
Gender and Education, 22(5), 547-564
Health service use amongst users of complementary and alternative medicine
Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 123(1312), 26-35
Cross cultural perspectives of gender and management in universities
South African Journal for Higher Education, 24(4), 646-660
2009
The Roles and Functions of Primary Health Organisations
Health Services Research Centre
Nursing Services in New Zealand Secondary Schools
Report to the Ministry of Health. Wellington: Health Services Research Centre
Stakeholder Evaluation of a Community Event: Out in the Square 2009
Out Wellington Incorporated
Patient Fees as a Metaphor for so much more in New Zealand's Primary Health Care System
Health Services Research Centre
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in New Zealand: An Analysis of the 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey
Health Services Research Centre
Samoan Women’s Experiences of Traditional Midwifery Healing Practices in New Zealand. New Researcher Grant Report
Victoria University of Wellington
Evaluation of the Implementation and Intermediate Outcomes of the Primary Health Care Strategy Second Report: Nursing Developments in Primary Health Care 2001‐2007
Health Services Research Centre
Nursing Developments in Primary Health Care 2001-2007
Health Services Research Centre
Elective services purchasing models: literature review for ACC
LECG
Healthy Eating – Healthy Action: Oranga Kai – Oranga Pumau Strategy Evaluation Interim Report
HEHA Strategy Evaluation Consortium
Report on New Zealand Cost-of-Illness Studies on Long-Term Conditions
Ministry of Health
Nursing Services in New Zealand Secondary Schools: A summary
Ministry of Health
Report on the Suicide Postvention Hui held at Hongoeka Marae. A report for Hutt Valley District Health Board. Wellington
Hutt Valley District Health Board
Status and Activities of General Medical Practices
Health Services Research Centre
General Medical Practices: Status and Activities
Health Services Research Centre
Taking the Temperature of Primary Health Organisations: A Briefing Paper
Health Services Research Centre
Where next for primary health organisations in NZ?
Ministry of Health and District Health Boards New Zealand
2008
Evaluation Methods Plan: Healthy Eating - Healthy Action Dunedin & Wellington
University of Otago & Victoria University
Medical Leadership Competency Framework. Enhancing Engagement in Medical Leadership Project
A report for Academy of Royal Medical Colleges. Coventry: Institute for Innovation and Improvement
Scoping the Overall Evaluation of the Healthy Eating - Healthy Action Strategy. Dunedin & Wellington
University of Otago & Victoria University
Evaluation of the Implementation and Intermediate Outcomes of the Primary Health Care Strategy, Report No 3. General Medical Practices: Status and Activities
Health Services Research Centre
Who Pays What for Primary Health Care? Patterns and determinants of the fees paid by patients in a mixed public-private financing model
Motu Public Policy and Economic Research
Just Who Do We Think Children Are? An analysis of submissions to the Justice and Electoral Select Committee, 2006
A report for Save the Children, New Zealand. Health Services Research Centre
Barriers and Facilitators to Cannabis Treatment. NCPIC Technical Report No 1. Sydney
Department of Health and Ageing
Engaging Doctors in Leadership: What we can learn from international experience and research evidence? London
Academy of Medical Royal Colleges
Healthy Eating – Healthy Action: Oranga Kai – Oranga Pumau Strategy Evaluation. Evaluation Methods Plan. Dunedin
Otago University
Management of cannabis use disorder and related issues - A clinicians guide. Sydney
National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre
Intersectoral Community Action for Health (ICAH) Evaluation: An overview. A report for Ministry of Health
Ministry of Health
Intersectoral Community Action for Health (ICAH) Evaluation: An overview
Ministry of Health
Taku reo, taku mauri ora: My Voice, my life
Research Council of New Zealand
Improving Access to Health Services for Vulnerable Populations: A review of the literature, A report for District Health Boards
District Health Boards New Zealand
Evaluation of the Primary Health Care Strategy: A summary of findings on primary health care practices to 2008
Health Services Research Centre
What's happening with Abusive and Inappropriate Sexual Behaviour Among Year 7 and 8 Students: A survey of teachers 2007
A report for Wellstop Inc. Wellington - Health Services Research Centre
Altogether Now? Policy options for integrating care. Birmingham
Health Services Management Centre
Developing and Implementing High Impact Changes for Primary Health Care in New Zealand. Discussion document prepared for District Health Boards New Zealand
Health Services Research Centre
2007
Health Reforms 2001 Research: Overview Report. Report No. 1, Health Reforms 2001 Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Devolution in New Zealand's Publicly Financed Health Care System. Report No. 5, Health Reforms 2001 Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Māori Health and the 2001 Health Reforms. Report No. 6, Health Reforms 2001 Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Pacific Health and the 2001 Health Reforms. Report No. 7, Health Reforms 2001 Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Overview report of the Research in Five Case Study Districts. Report No. 8, Health Reforms 2001 Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Print media reporting of DHBs. Report No. 9, Health Reforms 2001 Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Performance of New Zealand's Publicly Financed Healthcare System: A Focus on Performance under the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act (2000). Report No. 10, Health Reforms 2001 Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Public Sector Management and the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act. Report No. 11, Health Reforms 2001 Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Medical Engagement in Leadership: Australia. Report Commissioned by Professor Chris Ham, Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham
NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement
WHO Collaborative Study on Alcohol and Injuries: Final Report. Geneva
World Health Organisation
Devolution in New Zealand's Publicly Financed Health Care System
Health Services Research Centre
Evaluation of the Primary Health Care Strategy: Practice Data Analysis 2001-2005
Health Services Research Center and CBG Health Research Limited
Medical Engagement in Leadership: New Zealand. Report Commissioned by Professor Chris Ham , Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham
NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement
Just who do we think children are? An analysis of submissions to the Justice and Electoral Select Committee 2006
Health Services Research Centre
Access and utilisation of midwifery services by Pacific Women in Wellington
A report for the Health Research Council of New Zealand
Print Media Reporting of the DHBs
Health Services Research Centre
Performance of New Zealand's Publicly Financed Health Care System: A Focus on Performance Under the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act (2000)
Health Services Research Centre
Health Reforms 2001 Research: Overview Report
Health Services Research Centre
Analysis of Interviews with Māori Users of Primary Mental Health Services for the Primary Mental Health Evaluation. A research project conducted by the Department of Primary Health Care & General Practice, Wellington School of Medicine & Health Science
Health Services Research Centre
Review of Bicultural and Mainstream Intensive Alcohol and Other Drugs Residential Treatment Programmes for Offenders, A report for Ministry of Health
Ministry of Health
The Health Impacts of Violence and Abuse: A systematic literature review. A report for Ministry of Health
Health Services Research Centre
Manukau DHB & HSRC Developing integrated primary and community health services: what can we learn from the research evidence?
Health Services Research Centre
Public Sector Management and the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act
Health Services Research Centre
Building research capability in the social sciences (BRCSS). Auckland
Massey University
2006
Identifying key indicators of wellbeing for young New Zealanders, Youth Wellbeing Indicators Research Team - Report 1
Health Research Council and Ministry of Youth Development
The Effect of Private Health Insurance Coverage on Health Services Utilisation in New Zealand
Funding from the sponsors of Ian Axford (New Zealand) Fellowships in Public Policy
Report of the evaluation of the eleven primary health care nursing
Ministry of Health
Informal Caregivers literature review
National Health Committee
Research Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales
Identifying the career development needs and opportunities for Māori employees within Hospital and Health Services of Capital & Coast District Health Board (CCDHB)
Victoria University of Wellington and CCDHB
Report of the Ministry of Health/Manatū Hauora training day: Journeys in Māori health research (9 August 2006) and the hui whakapiripiri (10th – 11th August 2006). Auckland
Health Research Council of New Zealand/Te Kaunihera Rangahau Hauora o Aotearoa
Youth Wellbeing Indicators: Augmented literature review
Health Research Council and Ministry of Youth Development
Whānau is Whānau
Families Commission
2005
The economic and social benefits of increasing the professional Māori health workforce A Report for the Maori Health Workforce Advisory Committee
LECG Limited
Evaluation of the Implementation and Intermediate Outcomes of the Primary Health Care Strategy. First Report — Overview
Health Services Research Centre
Regional Approaches to Mental Health: A sector view and beyond. A report for the Ministry of Health
Health Services Research Centre
Regional Approaches to Mental Health: A sector view and beyond. A report for the Ministry of Health
Health Services Research Centre
Analysis of Feedback on the Discussion Document 'Assuring Medical Practitioners’ Cultural Competence
Cultural Competence
Training on How to Influence and Advocate for Policy Development and Change around Discriminatory Policies and Practices, Evaluation Report
Mental Health Foundation
He Waka Tapu Violence and Abuse Intervention Project, Process Evaluation Report
The Evaluation Unit, Office of the Commissioner, New Zealand Police
Clinical indicators for PHOs: Recommendations for target setting. Report to DHBs/Ministry of Health
Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Information matters: How do consumers find out about pharmaceuticals?
Ministry of Health
20,000 Days and Beyond Evaluation of CMDHB’s Quality Improvement Campaign
Health Services Research Centre
2004
Syndromic Surveillance in New Zealand
Ministry of Health
Review of Ministry of Health proposed performance indicators for PHOs. Report prepared for the Ministry of Healthd
School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Family Doctors: methodology and description of the activity of private GPs: The National Primary Medical Care Survey (NatMedCa): 2001/02. Occasional paper #4 Report 1
Ministry of Health
Cost Barriers to Health Care: Analysis of the New Zealand Health Care Survey 2002
Ministry of Health
Information matters: How do consumers find out about pharmaceuticals? Report for the Ministry of Health
Health Services Research Centre with The Family Centre Social Policy Research Unit
2003
Quantification of Health Benefits
A Report for the Ministry of Health
Interim Report on Health Reforms 2001: Research Project
Health Services Research Centre
Primary Health Organisations: The first year (July 2002 – June 2003) from the PHO perspective
Health Services Research Centre
Factors influencing claims to ACC
Health Services Research Centre
2002
A Report for the World Health Organization
New Zealand Health Technology Assessment (NZHTA)
Report to the Ministry of Health
Economic Evaluation of a Tandem Mass Spectrometer to Screen for Fatty Aid Oxidation Disorders in Neonates
A report to the National Testing Centre by Health Outcome Associates Ltd and the Health Services Research Centre
Evaluation of the Clinical Priority Assessment Criteria Programme. NMDS Project. Phase I and II Report: Variation in Surgical Uptake by area, socio-economic status and ethnicity, 1995 and 1999/2000
CPAC Consortium
Primary Health Organisations: The first year (July 2002 – June 2003) from the PHO perspective: Appendix Three
Health Services Research Centre
2001
Implementing the conclusions of the Injury Data Review: the economic benefits to be expected from an integrated data system
A report for the Department of Labour
Review of Health Services' Performance Monitoring and Management Frameworks and Systems in Different Countries Relevant to New Zealand
A Report to Treasury. Wellington: Health Services Research Centre
Evaluation of ten national demonstration integrated care pilot projects. Ten reports to the MoH
Evaluation of ten national demonstration integrated care pilot projects. Ten reports to the MoH
2000
Priority Setting in New Zealand: Translating Principles into Practice
Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 5, 3 (2000), pp. 170-175
Purchasing Oncology Services: Summary Recommendations
American Cancer Society, 88, 12 (2000), pp. 2876-2886
Socioeconomic Deprivation and Ethnicity are both Important for Anti-tobacco Health Promotion
Health Education and Behaviour, 27 (2000), pp. 317-327
Household Income Losses Associated with Ischaemic Heart Disease for US Employees
Pharmacoeconomics, 3 (2000), pp. 305-314
Variations Among Hospitals in the Quality of Care for Heart Failure
Effective Clinical Practice, 3, 2 (2000), pp. 69-77
Assessing and Managing Risk and Uncertainty: Women Living with Breast Implants in New Zealand
Health Risk and Society, 2, 2 (2000), pp. 205-218
Health Reforms Update
Health Mananger, 7, 4 (2000), pp. 18-19
Health Reforms and Policy Update
Health Manager, 7, 3 (2000), pp. 12-13